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USS Texas (BB 35)

When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Texas was stationed in the Atlantic fleet and anchored in Casco Bay, Maine, for a brief rest period after a "neutrality patrol." Soon after war broke out she sailed to Argentina and received her first war assignment of continuing her 1941 role of ship escort in the Atlantic. Her first actual wartime role was to escort a convoy from Argentina to England in late January 1942. Once this was complete she patrolled near Iceland until March and then continued escorting both cargo and troop ship convoys for about the next six months throughout the Atlantic.

At this time, preparations were underway for the invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch) and Texas was assigned to provide support. She arrived at the beaches on the morning of 8 November but did not provide a pre-invasion bombardment or even provide support when the landings were underway. But instead, for the next week she only attacked when the Army called in for direct fire support. With the the success of Operation Torch, she departed the African coast on 16 November and returned to her convoy escort role which she continued to do in 1943.

In late April 1944, Texas was again preparing to support amphibous landings, this time the invasion of Europe in June 1944. The training lasted for about a month and she arrived at Normandy on the night of 5/6 June. During the invasion, Texas, along with the battleship Arkansas, was to provide fire support at Omaha Beach, while Nevada was at Utah Beach. On D-Day (6 June 1944), she was stationed about 12,000 yards off Point du Hoc and commenced firing at 0650. By midday, she was stationed about 3000 yards offshore in order to target specific locations. She continued to support the troops until leaving to rearm in Plymouth, England, on 8 June. She returned off the beaches on 11 June and once again continued to provide support until 15 June when the fighting moved too far inland for her main guns to reach.

With this job done, the battleships moved off Cherbourg, France, where Texas engaged German shore batteries on 25 June 1944. The shore batteries put up a resisting fight though - they soon returned fire on the attacking battleships. By about 1230 the shore batteries were straddling Texas and at 1316 her luck run out. A 280mm shell hit her fire control tower and wounded everyone on the navigation bridge and killed the helmsman. Later in the day, a 240mm shell punctured her port bow but luckily failed to detonate. In spite of the two hits taken, she continued to attack the coast until 1600 when she disengaged. The German shore batteries straddled the Texas over 65 times in the afternoon but managed to hit only those two times.

Texas again returned to Plymouth but this time to repair the damage sustained from the Cherbourg engagement. Once this was complete, she again prepared to provide amphibious assault support. This time the mission was to support the invasion of southern France but she only provided support for two days and withdrew on 16 August. By mid-Septmeber she was at New York for a repair/refit period. By this time, there was little need for battleships in the Atlantic so she set sail in November for the Pacific via the Panama Canal. After a short stopover at Long Beach, California, she sailed to Pearl Harbor where she operated for about a month before moving on to Ulithi Atoll.

The next major engagement was to provide bombardment and support for the landings at Iwo Jima. After leaving Ulithi on 16 February 1945, she prepared for the invasion and arrived at Iwo Jima on 16 February. For three days prior to the landings she bombarded the Japanese fortifications and once the Marines landed on 19 February she provided direct fire support for the next two weeks. In late February she departed Iwo Jima early to return to Ulithi again to prepare for the invasion of Okinawa.

As a part of Task Force 54, she departed Ulithi on 21 March and five days later she began the pre-landing bombardment. The bombarding continued for the next six days until the landings on 1 April. For the next two months, she provided fire support for the troops at Okinawa. Although there was a large number of kamikaze aircraft during the operation, none were successful in hitting Texas although she was able to claim one kamikaze kill and three assists. By late May, she concluded her duty at Okinawa and sailed to Leyte Gulf in the Philippines where she remained until the war ended on 15 August.

With her career essentially at an end, Texas transported troops back to the US throughout the remainder of 1945 among other assignments. In 1948 she was towed to San Jacinto Park near Houston, Texas, and became a museum/memorial where she still remains today as the only surviving 'old' battleship. She was awarded five battle stars for her service in World War II.


Ship's Data
Where applicable, data is that of the modernized/reconstructed version and not that of the original as-built configuration.
Class:
Nickname:
Authorized:
Keel Laid:
Launched:
Commissioned:
Main Battery:
Secondary Battery:
Design Displacement:
Full Load Displacement:
Overall Length:
Waterline Length:
Draft:
Beam:
Design Speed:
Decommissioned:
WWII Battle Stars:
Final Fate:
New York
The Mighty T
24 June 1910
17 April 1911
18 May 1912
12 March 1914
Ten 14in/45cal Mk.8/12 (5 x 2)
5in/51cal
27,000 tons
34,000 tons
573 ft
565 ft
28 ft - 6 in
106 ft
21 knots
21 April 1948
Five
Museum ship since April 1948 at San Jacinto State Park, Texas

Camouflage
All the dates given may not be exact as to the month of repainting.
For more information about the different camouflage measures refer to the Camouflage page.
? - Nov? 1942
Nov? 1942 - Nov? 1944
Nov? 1944 - Feb? 1945
Feb? 1945 - ?
Measure 12 (Mod.)
Measure 22
Measure 31a/8B
Measure 21

Battle Stars
These are the locations and dates of the operations that earned a battle star.
1. North African Occupation
    - Algeria-Morocco Landings
8-11 November 1942
2. Invasion of Normandy 6-25 June 1944
3. Invasion of Southern France 15 August - 28 September 1944
4. Iwo Jima Operation
    - Assault and Occupation
16 February - 7 March 1945
5. Okinawa-Gunto Operation
    - Assault and Occupation
25 March - 14 May 1945

Armament Summary
Gun
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
14in/45cal Mk.8
10
10
10
10
-
14in/45cal Mk.12
-
-
-
-
10
5in/51cal
6
6
6
6
6
3in/50cal
8
10
10
10
10
40mm (quad mounts)
-
-
-
10
10
1.10in/75cal (quad mounts)
4
4
8
-
-
20mm
16
16
38
42
44
0.50cal
8
-
-
-
-


Photos
These photos are arranged in chronological order and are believed to be all declassified official USN photos (unless otherwise noted.)
[Thumbnails are 15% of full image size.]
BB35
Showing her measure 12 (modified) camouflage.
1942
BB35
Head on view while at Portsmouth, Virginia.
19 August 1942
BB35
In the Atlantic for convoy duty wearing measure 22 camouflage.
1943
BB35
An overhead view with the main and secondary batteries trained to port.
15 March 1943
BB35
As above.
15 March 1943
BB35
Underway, all turrets are trained sharply to port.
15 March 1943
BB35
As above.
15 March 1943
BB35
As above.
15 March 1943
BB35
Underway.
15 March 1943
BB35
Underway.
15 March 1943
BB35
A 3in/50cal gun and crew practicing. (Some look to be a little young)
Unknown.
BB35
Underway, note the 20mm Oerlikon gun tubs on top of two turrets.
1 April 1944
BB35-BB36
USS Nevada (BB 36) (left) and Texas at Belfast Lough in preparation for the invasion of Europe (D-Day).
14 May 1944
BB35
German 240mm and 288mm guns miss off starboard near Cherbourg, France.
25 June 1944
BB35
As above, except a much closer miss!
25 June 1944
BB35
Another German shell miss, as seen from USS Arkansas (BB 33).
25 June 1944
BB35
Underway near Casco Bay, Maine. Note the two OS2U Kingfishers on the middle turret.
October 1944
BB35
As above.
October 1944
BB35
En route to Pearl Harbor wearing her briefly carried measure 31a/8B dazzle camouflage.
December 1944
BB35
A quad 40mm Bofors crew, note the life raft stowage.
1945
BB35
Underway and with a freshly painted measure 21 camouflage.
6 January 1945
BB35
An OS2U Kingfisher scout plane is seen before launch atop the middle turret while at Iwo Jima.
15 February 1945
BB35
At Iwo Jima, an OS2U Kingfisher returns home while another OS2U is mounted on the turret catapult.
16 February 1945